Waldenstrm syndrome (macroglobulinemia) 1

General: Occurs mainly in males over age 50 years; 626c25g chromosomal abnormalities were reported, with most of the cells having 47 chromosomes.

Ocular: Sludging of conjunctival vessels; crystalline deposits in conjunctiva and cornea; keratoconjunctivitis sicca; retinal venous thrombosis; hemorrhagic glaucoma; papilledema; retinal microaneurysms; cotton-wool spots; dry eye.

Clinical: Adenopathy; hepatosplenomegaly; weakness; fatigue; pallor; dyspnea; weight loss; lymphoid orbital tumor.

Cordido M, et al. Dry eye in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Improvement after systemic chemotherapy. Cornea 1995; 14:210-211.

Ettl AR, et al. Orbital involvement in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia: ultrasound, computerized tomography and magnetic resonance findings. Ophthalmologica 1992; 205:40-45.

Feman SS, Stein RS. Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, a hyperviscosity manifestation of venous stasis retinopathy. Int Ophthalmol 198; 4:107-l12.

Friedman AH, et al. Immunofluorescent studies of the eye in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Arch Ophthalmol 1980; 98:743-746.

Lu LW; et al. Sjogren's syndrome and benign hyperglobulinemic purpura of Waldenstrom. Ann Ophthalmol 198l; 13: 1285-l287.

Sen HN, Chan CC, Caruso RC, et al. Waldenstroms macroglobulinemia-associated retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2004; 111: 535-538.